Military Psychology Free Essays

Military Psychology Military brain research is an expansive market of brain science in which for all intents and purposes all subfields of brain research where the exercises of character, hierarchical and strange brain science among others are applied to the requirements or wants of military organizers and specialists. Explanations behind their application might be prompt or supported. The use of mental examination or hypothesis to the military can be utilized to break down either adversary or cordial powers, exemplified by idealizing an assault on a foe or fortifying the shortcoming of a partner. We will compose a custom paper test on Military Psychology or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now By augmentation, military brain research could be utilized to look at the distinctions in mentality to the combat zone as far as reasoning and execution of activities. The field has built up its most prominent acknowledgment through the fluidly supported or insufficient post-battle programs for disturbed veterans. Conditions like â€Å"shell shock† and â€Å"post-horrendous pressure disorder† (PTSD) have figured conspicuously in the advancement of military treatment programs. Deliberately, insight and character testing have been applied to arrangement tests for forthcoming military volunteers. The occasions of World War I formatively affected the utilization of brain research to the real factors of the war zone, giving the early field significant authenticity. Prime supporter of the British Psychological Society and the National Institute of Industrial Psychology, Dr. Charles Myers, was chosen as the essential guide on mental issues to the British armed forces in France during the war. His work is considered primary and he himself depicts in articulations that it was a disappointing undertaking to have British military world class perceive the authenticity of his cases that officers merited mental thought for their failure and saw reluctance to act in fight. Authoring the term â€Å"shell shock,† he engraved a suffering term into chronicled awareness that characterizes the obvious mental harm incurred by war. The term today is the most conspicuous in characterizing purported â€Å"combat stress reactions† (CSRs) which involve extraordinary fight weakness and resulting lackluster showing in war. All the while, American therapist Robert Yerkes started across the board knowledge and fitness testing in the American military by contriving standard insight tests for proficient and ignorant enlisted people, given the names Army Alpha and Army Beta tests individually. The tests investigated recruits’ capacity to draw analogies, perceive designs and perform math, among different tests, so as to pass judgment on their insight paying little mind to their formal instructive foundations. The emotional ascent in initiates with World War II incited a gigantic exertion to smooth out draftees. In view of the encounters starting with World War I testing, a few advisory groups and divisions were made given to assessment and situation on a mental premise. The enormous exertion examined about 800,000 new warriors consistently during World War II, affecting the advancement of authoritative and mechanical brain science. The fundamental philosophy played well into the 1950s as veterans came back to the workforce or propelled their own organizations on a comparatively sorted out enlistment and position model. The tests, created related to the Committee on Classification of Military Personnel, established the following stage in the development of American military inclination tests. They supplanted the prior Alpha and Beta tests, and established the frameworks for the standard ASVAB test utilized by the American military starting at 2011. The vulnerability and nervousness of the Vietnamese performance center offered ascend higher than ever of fight initiated mental issues, most conspicuously in post-awful pressure issue. The emotionally supportive network for American veterans, especially victims of this condition, is famous in American culture and frequently condemned. Many contend the American military has exhibited it has taken in the suitable exercises from the blunder of the PTSD flare-up after the Vietnam War. A more grounded social help structure for returning American veterans from Iraq and Afghanistan is thought to have uprooted social antagonistic vibe, and advances in clinical brain research have been referenced. The utilization of brain science to scare or dissect the shortcomings of a foe has been called â€Å"psychological fighting. Moreover, handy applications like individual profiling and authoritative brain science strategies have conceived concentrates on adversary commandants, even their strategy, and guided way of thinking in settling on choices about war. This application has been applied with equivalent power to apparent partners, for example, similar investigations among Ameri can and NATO military orders. Faltering and uncertainty have been highlighted as significant shortcomings in European military culture, though American officers have been refered to as speedier and less hesitant to utilize power to achieve a strategic. All the while, American leaders have been scrutinized for systematizing a propensity to decrease the significance of the outcome of military tasks and the danger the subsequent social conditions may comprise against solidifying military additions. Military brain research is an expansive region of brain science where the exercises of character, hierarchical and unusual brain science among others are applied to the necessities or wants of military organizers and planners. Explanations behind their application might be quick or continued. The use of mental examination or hypothesis to the military can be utilized to investigate either foe or amicable powers, exemplified by idealizing an assault on a foe or reinforcing the shortcoming of a partner. By expansion, military brain science could be utilized to look at the distinctions in mentalities to the front line as far as theory and execution of activities. The field has built up its most noteworthy acknowledgment through the dynamically supported or insufficient post-battle programs for grieved veterans. Conditions like â€Å"shell shock† and â€Å"post-awful pressure disorder† (PTSD) have figured conspicuously in the advancement of military treatment programs. Deliberately, insight and character testing have been applied to arrangement tests for point of view military enlisted people. The occasions of World War I formatively affected the use of brain research to the real factors of the war zone, giving the early field essential authenticity. Fellow benefactor of the British Psychological Society and the National Institute of Industrial Psychology, Dr. Charles Myers, was chosen as the essential counsel on mental issues to the British militaries in France during the war. His work is considered fundamental and he himself depicts in proclamations that it was a baffling undertaking to have British military world class perceive the authenticity of his cases that warriors merited mental thought for their failure and saw reluctance to act in fight. Begetting the term â€Å"shell shock,† he engraved a suffering term into authentic cognizance that characterizes the evident mental harm delivered by war. The term today is the most conspicuous in characterizing alleged â€Å"combat stress reactions† (CSRs) which involve extraordinary fight exhaustion and ensuing terrible showing in war. At the same time, American clinician Robert Yerkes started across the board knowledge and fitness testing in the American military by formulating standard insight tests for educated and ignorant enlisted people, given the eminence Army Alpha and Army Beta tests individually. The tests broke down recruits’ capacity to draw nalogies, perceive designs and perform math among different tests in a manner to pass judgment on one’s knowledge paying little heed to their formal instructive foundations. The sensational ascent in initiates with World War II incited an enormous exertion to smooth out draftees. In view of the encounters starting with World War I testing, a few boards of trustees and divisions were made given to assessment and situation on a mental premise. The gigantic exertion dissected about 800,000 new fighters consistently during World War II, affecting the improvement of hierarchical and modern brain research. The foundational technique played well into the 1950s as veterans came back to the workforce or propelled their own organizations on a correspondingly sorted out enlistment and arrangement model. The tests, created related to the Committee on Classification of Military Personnel, established the following stage in the development of American military fitness tests. They supplanted the previous Alpha and Beta tests, in addition to established the frameworks for the standard ASVAB test utilized by the American military starting at 2011. The vulnerability and nervousness of the Vietnamese performance center offered ascend higher than ever of fight incited mental issues, most conspicuously in post-horrible pressure issue. The emotionally supportive network for American veterans, especially victims of this condition, is infamous in American culture and frequently censured. Many contend the American military has exhibited it has taken in the suitable exercises from the fumble of the PTSD episode after the Vietnam War. A more grounded social help structure for returning American veterans from Iraq and Afghanistan is thought to have dislodged social antagonistic vibe, in addition to propels in clinical brain research have been referenced. The utilization of brain research to scare or break down the shortcomings of a foe has been called â€Å"psychological fighting. † Additionally, functional applications like individual profiling and authoritative brain research strategies have concocted concentrates on foe commandants, even their technique and managing theory in settling on choices about war. This appl

Buddhism Essays (3162 words) - Gautama Buddha, Buddhism In Japan

Buddhism In Life there is languishing. This prods on the ceaseless quest for general truth and importance. Jodo Shinsu is a response to this hunt. The practice of Jodo Shinshu is the recitation of the Nembutsu with self-reflection. It includes hearing the call of Amida Buddha, the Buddha of Endless Life and Infinite Light, Compassion and Wisdom, inside others' or our own recitation of the Name. Which calls us to raise our profound viewpoints past quick sense of self interests to widespread worries for sympathy, equity in the human network and worry for the life of nature. The gap of life is Nembutsu. An actual existence lived in mindfulness, that we ourselves are the articulations, the indications, of reliance and sympathy and committed to bringing that reality to others as we have encountered it. The Nembutsu is a profound place of worship, which can be moved and reverenced any place one might be. Time or space does not tie strict practice. Or maybe, from inside the profound openings of one's soul the call of Amida Buddha can be heard, taking our consideration back to the very wellspring of life itself, and proving its essence in the very demonstration of living itself. http://www.mew.com/shin/doc/txt/pax.html Buddhism is one of the world's incredible religions. The religion depends on the instructing of Siddhartha Gautama, usually known as The Buddha, who lived roughly 557 BC to 477 BC. Buddha signifies a Supremely Enlightened One or Fully Awakened One (additionally a Tathagata) who has won the acknowledgment of the True Permanent Total Reality, a definitive truth. Buddhism is based on a system that comprises of the Four Noble Truths, four basic standards of nature (Dhamma) that rose up out of the Buddha's straightforward and entering evaluation of the human condition and that serve to characterize the whole extent of Buddhist practice. These realities are not fixed narrow minded standards, yet living encounters to be investigated independently in the core of the genuine otherworldly searcher: To each of these Honorable Truths the Buddha doled out a particular errand, which the specialist is to do. The main Noble Truth is to be fathomed dukkha (languishing, inadmissibility, and stress): life is on a very basic level laden with unacceptability and frustration of each portrayal. The second is the reason for dukkha: the reason for this disappointment is tanha (desiring) in all its structures. The third is the end of dukkha: a conclusion to all that unsuitable quality can be found through the surrender and deserting of the yearnings. The full acknowledgment of the third Noble Truth makes ready for the immediate entrance of Nirvana, the otherworldly opportunity that remains as the last objective of all the Buddha's lessons. The remainder of the Noble Truths (the Respectable Eight overlay Path), contains a solution for the alleviation of our misery and for our inevitable discharge for the last time from the excruciating and wearisome pattern of birth and demise (samsara) to which through our own numbness (avijja) of the Four Noble Truths we have been headed for innumerable ages. The Respectable Eight overlay Path offers a far reaching viable manual for the turn of events of those healthy characteristics and aptitudes in the human heart that must be developed so as to carry the specialist to the last objective, the preeminent opportunity and satisfaction of Nirvana. The eight characteristics to be created are Right View, Right Resolve, Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration. The Quality of Right View is to seek to achieve acknowledgment of immaculate intelligence, a definitive genuine changeless reality. Swear off every single insidiousness demonstration of thought, to accomplish the complete annihilation everything being equal. The Quality Of Right Resolve is to repudiate all showing, all developments, all that is made pretend, to create dispassion, all out separation, total renunciation, self-give up. To bring about the end of all made real factors. To self-acknowledge is the exceptional arousing of self. To win the opportunity of brain, the opportunity through immaculate instinctive insight, the rational and safe liberation of will. Right Speech is to swear off all lying discourse, all perjurious discourse, all malevolence injurious discourse and all silly discourse. To take part in discourse and conversation that relates to and prompts Nirvana, to what's really lasting and genuine. Right Activity is to go without all executing everything being equal, keep away from all taking, go without all sexy and sexual offense, swear off all shrewd acts, and go without all types of inebriation. Right Living is to go without from every single wickedness strategy for vocation. Right Effort is to demolish every abhorrent state of psyche that has just emerged. To keep new wickedness perspectives

How to Get Stress Relief With Cognitive Therapy

How to Get Stress Relief With Cognitive Therapy Psychotherapy Print How Cognitive Therapy Works for Stress Relief By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on February 07, 2020 Tetra images/Getty Images More in Psychotherapy Online Therapy Negative thoughts can create more stress in our lives. Not only can negative affect, or being in a bad mood, color our experience so that many of the things we experience seem more stressful and even overwhelming, but our bad mood can be contagious, and can even cause others to treat us in a less friendly way, perpetuating negativity in us and virtually everyone we encounter, to a degree. It is easy to get trapped into the habit of thinking negatively, and changing those thought processes is a goal in cognitive therapy. Many people have found this to be a useful tool in their stress management strategy. Cognitive therapy has been found to be effective in the treatment of many issues such as anxiety disorders, depression, and even severe stress.?? Whether the stress is contributing to mood disorders or is just creating unpleasant feelings that are interfering with a happy lifestyle, cognitive therapy (or a mix of cognitive and behavioral therapy) can be a very effective mode of treatment. The Idea Behind Cognitive Therapy Cognitive therapy for stress rests on the premise that it’s not simply the events in our lives that cause us stress, it’s the way we think about them.?? For example, two people may be caught in traffic. One person could view this situation as an opportunity to listen to music or get lost in thought and become (or remain) relaxed. Another person may focus on the wasted time or the feeling of being trapped, and become distressed. There are hundreds of examples of how our thoughts and our negative self-talk color our experiences. These can lead to a triggered stress response or a calm demeanor. Virtually all of the thought patterns that negatively impact our experiences can be categorized into one of 10  common cognitive distortions.?? Therapists using a cognitive approach work with clients to recognize and alter these habitually negative thought patterns. You can also work on some of them at home. Cognitive Restructuring for Stress Relief Using Cognitive Therapy for Stress Relief Many people have found a cognitive approach to be wonderfully helpful and much quicker than most therapeutic approaches. There is no standard length or number of cognitive therapy sessions needed for the treatment of stress.?? It depends on what your needs are. After a few sessions, some people see improvement. Other people may need months of therapy before they feel better.   This is significantly  faster than the years-on-the-couch rate of psychoanalytic therapy, which is what many people still think of when they think of going to a shrink. Support for the effectiveness of this approach comes from research on optimistic and pessimistic explanatory styles.?? It is also revealed by the positive results that come from cognitive therapy for stress, or a mix of cognitive and behavioral therapy. Cognitive therapy has also been combined with the practice of mindfulness. This created  mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT), which has shown promising effects as well.?? Giving It a Try When interviewing potential therapists, ask about their experience with this approach. You can also search out someone who specializes in cognitive therapeutic interventions. If you’re not interested in seeing a therapist at this point but would like to use some cognitive techniques to reduce your stress levels, you can begin at home. Discover how to  change your habitual thought patterns in the interest of stress relief. How Positive Thinking Impacts Stress

Racism A Social Problem Essay - 1716 Words

Explanations that justify the use of racism directly relates to differential treatment of minority groups and contributes to racism’s existence as an unstoppable social problem. The foundations of these explanations are based on the common misunderstanding of the definition of race. Thus, problems that tend to concentrate in one race are mistakenly judged as â€Å"race problems†. This judgement leads to the establishment of a system of inequality between a superior race and inferior races. However, the logic behind these explanations don’t account for the true reasoning behind minority individuals value status. In fact, these explanations contribute to minority individuals’ further struggle in life. One reason for the existence of racism is†¦show more content†¦(Andersen and Taylor 234-243) These family ties are the believed reasoning to minority’s imperfections. For example, history’s patterns of slavery and discrimination are said to be the foundation of many social problems. Even after slavery was abolished, people still continued to see those certain groups as slaves. The reasoning being groups of people who feel they were once â€Å"superior† to others often continue to hold these beliefs. Things such as high divorce rates, children born out of wedlock, welfare dependency, and female-headed households are many times seen as a result of the slavery and discrimination that people once heavily dealt with. However, this explanation concentrates on blaming the victim and disregards the flaws in society’s structure. (Lauer) Yet, this belief is still a common perception among the American society. A third explanation concentrates on the use of racism on the majority of society whom hold prejudiced attitudes. This bias explanation suggests that Caucasians generate institutional and individual racism to preserve their placement in the social stratification system. Their hatred based on actions and sta ndardized perceptions are a reaction to the struggle of resources and jobs between races. However, prejudiced attitudes can’t be the sole underlying explanation behind racism. Many whiteShow MoreRelatedRacism : A Social Problem1677 Words   |  7 PagesRacism: A Social Problem Explanations that justify the use of racism directly relates to differential treatment of minority groups and contributes to racism’s existence as an unstoppable social problem. The foundations of these explanations are based on the common misunderstanding of the definition of race. Thus, problems that tend to concentrate in one race are mistakenly judged as â€Å"race problems†. This judgement leads to the establishment of a system of inequality between a superior race and inferiorRead MoreRacism Is A Social Problem1735 Words   |  7 PagesRacism is a social problem that cannot be ignored to this day in American societies. Race is a group of people who have differences and similarities known to be biologically inherited. The race concept is used to describe how people think of others and treat other groups as they classify themselves by race. People don’t realize that there is an overlapping of sheared characteristics from different groups. Different races has led a social problem creating racism and discrimination which leads to inequalityRead MoreBlack Like Me : Racism And The Social Problems That Come With Racism973 Words   |  4 Pages The main theme of Black Like Me is Racism and the social problems that come with Racism. Initially, John Griffin the author of this book, shows how painful it is to be discriminated against due to someone s skin color. He Also, he shows the ugliness of racists, and their personalities that have been distorted by hatred. While experiencing the events of this book, Griffin endures hate stares, threats, harassment, and humiliation. In retrospect, he is unable to find a job and, in accordance withRead MoreRacism : A Social Problem And Controversial Issue Around The World Essay2108 Words   |  9 PagesYue Zheng Prof. Aili Bresnahan PHL 324 12/10/2016 Racism in Film Racism is a social problem and controversial issue around the world, which defines the different cultures, ethical principles, and values. These bring some deviances and conflicts to the different classes of people in the society. Also, a racial difference created an inherent superiority for a particular race and was a major factor to determine a person s traits and capacities including skin color, inherent culture, religion andRead MoreThe Social Problem Of The Video Separate And Unequal Is Poverty And Racism982 Words   |  4 PagesThe social problem shown in the video Separate and Unequal is poverty and racism. This video focuses specifically on Jackson, Mississippi. This video takes a look at Lanier High School and some of the student’s experiences and difficulties in this school due to poverty in this town. Jackson Mississippi is 70% black and Lanier High School is 100% black students. Everything started to go downhill for this community after integration occurred. Black students left their school and went to a more diverseRead MoreSocial Construction Of Race And Gender1529 Words   |  7 PagesSocial Construction of Race and Gender, Patriarchy and Prejudice and Discrimination in the Society Social construct may be defined as the social mechanism or a category which has been created by the society. It may either be a perception which is created by an individual or an idea which is constructed as a result of the culture. The present society has created a large number of constructs which are not good. In this paper, the discussion will be done on the social construction of raceRead MoreRacism In To Kill A Mockingbird Essay1539 Words   |  7 Pagesconditions, and more. Prejudice gained prominence in this era and the idea of racism was born. Most westerners seem to treat everyone that doesn’t fit their skin color and attributes as a worthy sufferer of hate. Racism would later flow through systems and societies of other countries, plaguing the population of ideas that make no sense and judge a population based on something one cannot control. One of the many playing fields of racism was the United States in the 1900’s, even though slavery was eradica tedRead MoreA Brief Note On Social Construction Of Race Essay1378 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Construction of Race One of the social reforms that are argued to have been achieved by the contemporary society is acknowledged that all people within the society are equal irrespective of some socio-cultural differences such as race. The view that all persons are equal is ingrained in the society and supported by an array of a legal framework. One of the supporting legal frameworks is the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, which asserts that all persons must be treated with equalityRead MoreBeyond Heroes and Holidays by Enid Lee907 Words   |  4 PagesHolidays, Enid Lee explains racism as the â€Å"use of individual and institutional power to deny or grant people and groups of the rights of people, respect, representation and resources based on the color of their skin†. (Logos) Such types of discrimination occur most often in schools and are expressed in many forms; in this case, students are the main targets of racism which affects not only how they interact but also how they learn i n schools. Unfair situations, social problems, and negative behaviorsRead MoreRacism And Aversive Racism1618 Words   |  7 Pagesterm ‘aversive racism’ seeks to encompass the nuanced and profound experiences of prejudice faced by racialized peoples in societies whose values do not accommodate explicit discrimination based on race. This form of â€Å"subtle racism†, which in the words of Donald Glover in â€Å"Hold You Down†, you’d only understand through lived experience, is but one facet of a larger social problem: anti-black racism (Glover 2011). Personal understandings and experiences of aversive and explicit racism, detailed in music

What Does Perfect College Essay Samples Mean?

What Does Perfect College Essay Samples Mean? What Perfect College Essay Samples Is - and What it Is Not Essay prompts are intentionally open-ended, and there are lots of approaches to begin picking a topic. For a person to write a superior sample, there are a few guidelines they need to employ during the essay writing process. By learning how to take things apart and critique, you will also learn to compose the statements better. After creating an overall outline, you might want to work on the facts of your essay. The one thing you must do is to compose an ideal college application essay to demonstrate your very best qualities and show your uniqueness. Sometimes your needs change, and that may indicate your study habits want to modify also. There are a lot of different study habits, so it's essential for people to determine which one works for them. Great study habits are very helpful for men and women in education, and they may be learned with enough repetition. The Unex posed Secret of Perfect College Essay Samples College Essay Writing Services Writing the ideal college essay may be tall order, even at the very best of times. Summer is an excellent time to start your college essay. Academic papers play a crucial part in your academic success. Templates may also help you get a notion of the way to create a good college admission essay format. You can create your essay beautiful by giving thought to some things. Your essay is a distinctive reflection of who you are as an individual. Also, make sure that it makes sense and is communicating your intended argument effectively. Although you must be creative whilst writing your essay, resist the need to find creative with the facts. Top Perfect College Essay Samples Secrets Browsing our essay writing samples can offer you a good idea whether the standard of our essays is the quality you're looking for. You might even hunt for quotes or other inspiring stuff on the net. Apart from the things you should always remember, in addition, there are some items which you shouldn't do when creating the content of your college essay. As you write there are particular hints you must keep in mind to acquire the very best edition of your essay. Second, that you'll be a great fit for the institution. Some school graduates decide to try to find a job and a few prefer getting a greater education. Basically, the admissions folks wish to understand why their school is of specific interest to you. Every college wants an application from every student who would like to receive admitted in the college. College years are thought to be the best years in an individual's life. Every college has its requirements that has to be fulfilled to affix the admission in that specific college. College education is a required step to produce your career successful. Upcoming college students might also be requested to compose a college essay for a component of their first requirements. Be sure you realize the assignment properly. By doing that the student stays true to the very first paragraph in supplying a very clear direction throughout the full essay. Thus, when you buy your essay from us, you may be certain of the overall confidentiality of our purchase. Your essay should offer admission officers with new info. Using Perfect College Essay Samples Provide a definition or fact about the topic or arguments you will discuss in your essay, and that is going to make people wish to keep on reading and learn more. It's helpful to remember that your private statement doesn't need to be about some incredible, earth-shattering experience. You have to grab their attention and the best method to do this is by writing in your voice. Lastly, the detail of true speech makes the scene pop. Ruthless Perfect College Essay Samples Strategies Exploited College is beginning to wind up. Students have to develop decent study habits if they are supposed to reach their entire potential in any course or degree. In addition to its growing cultural and ethnic diversity, State University is turning into a master at developing a niche for each student. Thus, it is not just the perfect place for me, it is the only place for me. What's Truly Going on with Perfect College Essay Samples Your college essay is your opportunity to set yourself aside from the hundreds of applicants who will probably be submitting academic portfolios very similar to yours. Colleges care about the quantities of acceptances deeply, so it could help to understand you're a sure thing. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline. As a rule, they are not encouraged to express own thoughts and give own assessments. A standard result can generate a weak supplemental essay. There's not any reason to rush your essay. Possessing good essay examples provides the reader an in-depth and on-the-court idea about what a well structured and coherent essay appears like. Before you even begin writing the content of your college essay, there are a few essay writing basic guide that you need to always remember. If you would like to develop a great flow to your college essay, you will most likely wish to connect the ideas between each paragraph. The very first paragraph of your essay ought to be utilized as the controlling idea in which you state the aim of the essay. Or you'll be able to view 18 essays all on a single page. Creating and observing an essay outline is frequently an effective way of writing a college essay. An essay can be entirely heartfeltand terrible. It is one of the most important parts of the college application. It can be one of the most daunting aspects of a college application. Before you commence writing your college essay, you might need to see the essay examplesA that we've listed for you, so you may have more idea on what things to put in the college essay you will create.

Letter of proposal Free Essays

EXAMPLE OF A LETTER OF PROPOSAL This illustration is fictional and is for illustration intents merely. Letterhead Dear Mr. Hanson: Recently I noticed a missive in the editorial subdivision of the Argus Leader in which the author expressed concern over the present status and jobs associating to Newton Hills State Park, near Canton. We will write a custom essay sample on Letter of proposal or any similar topic only for you Order Now A hebdomad subsequently I read your answer to that missive, and I was really pleased to happen that programs were being developed to better park conditions. Having visited the park many times myself, I have become cognizant of the many design jobs the park now holds. Engagement in out-of-door diversion and related activities is turning enormously across the state. Park directors and supervisors are happening their Parkss unable to stand the greatly increased usage. Roads developed for a few Sunday visitants are about wholly unequal for the multitudes of people who converge on Parkss on warm, cheery weekends and hills erode after big Numberss of people trample the flora. Furthermore, recent events such as the old-timer auto show and the one-year common people festival brought even more people into your park, seting an extra strain on the park ‘s resources. However, these jobs can be solved and more like them can be prevented. Proposal I propose that Sara Jen Forest Services, Inc. survey and look into the jobs associating to the physical functionalism of Newton Hills State Park. Upon finishing the probe, we shall subject a study to you that will incorporate the proposed recommendations and modified park program. This study and its attender program will rectify the park of its traffic flow jobs. Background Park design has become a really complicated discovery difficu1t procedure. Along with the job of aesthetics and traveling people around inside the park, societal map has become a job of paramount importance. In other words, a park must offer the proper physical scene, every bit good as the proper societal ambiance for people to bask their recreational experience. Peoples come to parks for different grounds. Therefore, single demands have to be considered. At the same clip, the park interior decorator has to see the whole population ‘s demands. Satisfying all these demands involves utilizing every possible country in the park, without making a struggle in involvements. Procedure The basic process for explicating our recommendations involves four stairss and will take about 10 hebdomads to finish. Measure one: I will analyse the park itself. Carefully analyzing the park, watching the users, and speaking to visitants are parts of this measure. Measure two: After happening and specifying the particular job countries, I will make intensive research. I will look into books, booklets, and legion other written resources for appropriate solutions that have been attempted and have either succeeded or failed. Measure three: I will oppugn our staff of advisers about their experiences and thoughts refering to specific jobs. I will see these replies in explicating executable solutions. Measure four: After I have completed these stairss, I will do my concluding recommendations in a study that will be submitted to you within two hebdomads after the study is completed. The 10 hebdomads I propose should be more than adequate to fix a study and program which will increase your park visitants ‘ enjoyment. Cost In the long tally, the cost of this research will be little compared to the money it will salvage as a consequence of hapless planning and over-use. The lone costs will be my disbursals and my labour. Our company policy is to delegate one individual to a undertaking while the remainder of our associates act as advisers. We pay our outside advisers on a set footing. For this undertaking, the rates are as follows: My labour 30 hours @ $ 65.00 per hr $ 1950.00 Secretarial fees $ 100.00 Entire Cost $ 2050.00 This sum will be collectible within 10 yearss after our program has been submitted to you. Forces and Qualifications I believe that I am qualified to function you, and I know that my staff of advisers is really qualified to assist with the job. I have a Bachelor of Science in Forestry from Purdue University. I besides hold a Maestro of Science in Recreation from The Ohio State University. After passing four old ages with Parks and Landscape Design in Omaha, I have merely completed my 3rd twelvemonth with my ain house. My staff of advisers consists of other park interior decorators, my associates, university professors, and many other qualified persons. Feasibility The best cogent evidence I can offer of my company ‘s success is our record. We have saved many people and communities big amounts of money by our experience in design. For illustration, we were asked to confer with in be aftering the design of a Pukwana, South Dakota City Park. Upon look intoing the programs submitted we found that the cloaca system drained straight into the proposed swimming pool. If the installations had been built harmonizing to programs, the mistake would hold cost 1000s of dollars to fix ; nevertheless, a simple alteration in programs resolved the job before it became an actuality. I realize that you serve the people non merely in Canton, and Sioux Falls, but those in Southwest Minnesota, Northwest Iowa, and Northeast Nebraska every bit good. As you well cognize, trial at all South Dakota State Parkss is up about 15 % over last twelvemonth and New ton Hills has had an about 20 % addition so far this twelvemonth. This increased trial makes redesigning Newton Hills State Park really of import. I hope you will earnestly see our command and so accept it. If you have any inquiries or suggestions as to bettering our methods and processs, delight name us anytime at ( 605 ) 366-1978. Thank you. Respectfully, Sonny Sundstrom Manager SaraTen Forest Services, Inc. Notes on This Example Letterhead: This illustration shows that you could utilize or plan your ain letterhead. Letterhead is typically centered horizontally on the page and takes up an inch to an inch and a half of infinite at the top of the page. If you use letterhead, do certain that you use it merely for the first page. AUGUST 12, 2006: This illustration follows what is called †Block Form † in your text. Block signifier topographic points everything at the left border, with no indenture for paragraphs. Paragraphs are separated by one clean line. Block signifier is the most formal, and is excessively formal for some authors. You may, if you prefer, use â€Å" Semi-block Form, † which allows the Heading, Dateline, Complimentary Close, and Signature Block to be indented. The indenture is either set so that the longest line of these elements ends at the right border, or set by tabbing over to the centre point to get down typing each line of these indented elements. However, in both formats, paragraphs are non indented and a colon follows the salute. HANSON: In both the block and semi-block formats, ever follow the salute with a colon. The comma is used merely in informal, or personal missive formats, which are inappropriate for a missive of proposal. RECENTLY I NOTICED: This statement provides some context for subjecting the proposal. Since this proposal is unasked it needs to hold some sort of principle. In your assignment, you may mention to e-mail correspondence or telephone conversation. Turning TREMENDOUSLY: This paragraph provides some background to the reader. Notice that this background is both general ( â€Å" park supervisors find†¦ â€Å" ) and specific to the park that he manages ( â€Å"the old-timer auto show and one-year common people festival† ) . This paragraph shows the reader that the author understands some of the jobs that the reader faces. I PROPOSE THAT: Again, this proposal is unasked. That means that the author has to be really specific as to what he is suggesting to make. In this instance, the reader will have a study and an affiliated program. These paperss will work out traffic flow jobs at the park. It will non turn to other unexpressed concerns that the reader may hold. Make it clear merely what any proposal will supply. As your text points out, a proposal is a binding papers. Any vagueness can take to unpleasant fortunes. PARK DESIGN HAS BECOME: This background subdivision provides a more generic. background for the proposal. However, whereas the background paragraph above alluded to the jobs faced by the reader, this background provides some avenues toward solutions. This subdivision besides shows how the information in this subdivision win be incorporated into the overall solution and indicates the range of what the author proposes. Ten WEEKS: Built-in in any proposal is a clip agenda. Undertakings that involve several stairss may besides include a dislocation in hours. This tactic is a benefit to the reader ( to see what he ‘s paying for ) and to the author ( to coerce him to budget specific sums of clip for the assorted undertakings the involved in the undertaking ) . Since this undertaking is reasonably simple, the clip is given merely in hebdomads, and no peculiar figure of hebdomads is budgeted for any given measure. Note the concluding text for this subdivision. You should ever seek to reason each subdivision with text, and non with figures, tabular arraies, or lists. WILL Be SMALL COMPARED TO: The cost of the proposed undertaking may look high, particularly to a park director who deals with province support and limited resources. This tactic shows reader benefit, comparing short term disbursal with long term nest eggs. I AM Qualified: In proposals, particularly unasked 1s, it ‘s of import to catalog the author ‘s makings. Even when the reader and author are known to each other, it ne’er hurts to include a makings subdivision, particularly if the reader may non be the ultimate determination shaper. Including makings is more professional. PROPOSED SWIMMING POOL: This subdivision is structured deductively, traveling from a general statement ( â€Å"we have saved many people† ) to a really specific illustration of the company ‘s success. This sort of specificity is persuasive. In a longer proposal you might see including one or two more illustrations, if you have them, or indicate that you can supply the names of satisfied clients should the reader bespeak them. SERIOUSLY CONSIDER OUR Command: This concluding paragraph presents a gross revenues pitch to the reader. The unexpressed premise is that this job is non traveling to travel off and win likely merely acquire worse.. Again, in an unasked proposal this technique allows the author to stop the proposal on a positive note, demoing assurance and reader benefit. How to cite Letter of proposal, Essay examples

Stapletons plan Essay Example For Students

Stapletons plan Essay Miss Stapleton aids and abets her brother/ husband in the crimes; she is an accomplice to Stapleton. She is innocent because she always tries to warn Sir Henry Baskerville, about the hound. Her husband bullies her because she is always spoiling the plan of Stapleton, by telling Sir Henry Baskerville to go back to London, as he will be safer. She is a criminal in the eyes of law but to the readers she is seen as a victim or a puppet to the puppet master. She always conspires along with the plan but under pressure. She symbolises the kindness of man because she is very caring of Sir Henry Baskerville because she knows that if he dies, this would be on her conscience. This is why she always warns Sir Henry Baskerville to go back to London. She is in between good and evil because she is good because of her warnings to Watson and Henry Baskerville. She is evil because, she always plays along with Stapletons plan, she is twilight. She knows whats right and wrong. She is always trying to do the right thing but sometimes she has to do the wrong so her husband Stapleton wont punish her. We will write a custom essay on Stapletons plan specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Sherlock Holmes can be seen as someone who breaks the law, but to capture the criminals. He is morally wrong when he manipulates Watson because he uses Watson making him a decoy and when he is on the cliff, he looks down on Watson and Henry. Conan Doyle is suggesting that Holmes thinks he is better Watson and Henry. He symbolises the brains of man because no matter how difficult the job is, he always figures it out in the end but sometimes he figures out in the beginning but never reveals it to Watson or his client. Also when he tries to figure out things, he uses logic to figure out things, for example the portrait of Sir Hugo Baskerville and in the end he figures out that Sir Hugo just looked like Stapleton. Sherlock Holmes also aids and abets Selden: I guess we are aiding and abetting a felony, Watson? But, after what we have heard, I dont feel as if I could give the man up, so there is the end of it. This is ironic because when they say its the end of it, in matter of fact it is the beginning for both Watson and Henry because Sherlock knows this was the beginning of the truth, he keeps Watson in the dark. He manipulates Watson: Then you use me, and yet you do not trust me He thinks of Watson as nothing more than a pawn in his game and thinks Watsons reports are useless: He has given me an extra pair of eyes upon a very active pair of feet, and both have been invaluable Then my reports have been wasted! As my voice trembled as I recalled the pain and prides with which I had composed them.' He uses Henry for his own gain and to capture the criminal: It had not crossed my minds, however, that he would wish me to go with him, nor could I understand how we could be both absent at a moment which he himself declared to be critical. The Victorians attitude to crime was ruthless to people who committed crimes particularly murders. Crimes carried out could be caused by the influence of family background, how these people were treated as youngsters; for example in The Hound of the Baskervilles, Rodger Baskerville was regarded by his brother as useless, incompetent, a bit of a fool and was removed from the family. Later his son known in .ua221dfc56f401c16cdfba7364018af9d , .ua221dfc56f401c16cdfba7364018af9d .postImageUrl , .ua221dfc56f401c16cdfba7364018af9d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua221dfc56f401c16cdfba7364018af9d , .ua221dfc56f401c16cdfba7364018af9d:hover , .ua221dfc56f401c16cdfba7364018af9d:visited , .ua221dfc56f401c16cdfba7364018af9d:active { border:0!important; } .ua221dfc56f401c16cdfba7364018af9d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua221dfc56f401c16cdfba7364018af9d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua221dfc56f401c16cdfba7364018af9d:active , .ua221dfc56f401c16cdfba7364018af9d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua221dfc56f401c16cdfba7364018af9d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua221dfc56f401c16cdfba7364018af9d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua221dfc56f401c16cdfba7364018af9d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua221dfc56f401c16cdfba7364018af9d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua221dfc56f401c16cdfba7364018af9d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua221dfc56f401c16cdfba7364018af9d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua221dfc56f401c16cdfba7364018af9d .ua221dfc56f401c16cdfba7364018af9d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua221dfc56f401c16cdfba7364018af9d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Stagnant Society in Anthem Essaythe story as Stapleton wants revenge on the family for what he sees as the betrayal of his father- Rodger.  Of all characters in the story, I find that Stapleton is the most interesting because he is not a pure villain in my opinion. He wants to avenge his father which is probably a good reason but he goes about in the wrong way, for example scaring Sir Charles to death and wanting to kill Sir Henry. In my opinion the meaning of this book is we are not purely good or evil; we are twilight or in between such as The Darwin Theory on the beast in man. Another meaning is always give a second chance to everyone.  Sherlock Holmes attitude to c rime is not to show mercy and not to be forgiving. Watson, on the other hand, is good, forgiving and always tries to give the enemy a second chance. Watson and Holmes are like two-sides of a coin; they are different yet they make one whole. Holmes and Watson would not be as good crime solvers as they are if they were with anyone else.

Charity fundraising. Common solutions

Charity fundraising. Common solutions Charity fundraising. Common solutions To reach out to the community and make people talk about you, one can launch an advertising campaign. However, this attitude is not always true with charity, where you have to encourage large corporations to invest for the future. We understand the value of such gatherings and want you to know what you can do to gather fundraisers for an event. Businesses that operate on a local level often reach out to clients to cover the costs for the social event, and if it happens to be charity, it will only increase their chances to support their name and maintain reputation. If you haven’t found the right sponsor yet, we are going to provide you with a few tips on how to do this:   Ã‚  Ã‚   Use your connections. Talk to people you know and communicate with the members of the board. They may personally know business owners, who are interested in funding the charity event and receiving additional bonuses for hosting it on a high-end level. If you are lucky, you will be introduced to some very influential individuals, who can be of great help whenever it comes to a charity event.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Plan the event ahead. Every time we talk about raising funds, we should remember that it is an opportunity for the sponsor to make an association with their names. In other words, when larger businesses facilitate your budget, they hope to receive their fair share of advertising in return, even if it is charity. These are the rules of the game, and by creating a scenario of the future venue in your head, you make it easier for sponsors to follow your thought.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Think of the assets. Before the event takes place, make a small excursion around the area to identify the best places for the brand name of the company. Like any other venue, charity organization demands time and effort. You should search for all potential spots where the commercial banners can be placed so that they catch the guests’ eye immediately. However, you should not make your advertising tacky, as the objective of the venue does not represent commerce alone.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Provide the goody bags. We all need encouragement, so do not forget to present your guests with a memorable gift. It does not necessarily have to be a luxury item or a golden piece (after all, we are talking about raising money for a good cause – they don’t call them goody bags for nothing). However, you can opt for a notebook with the company’s initials and basic information about the aim of venue. Frequently, guests are presented with the bags at the entrance, but you can do this throughout the party to produce an impression.   Establishing the relationships If you think that your venue details are in order, it is time to manage relationships between the sponsors. You should be as diplomatic as possible, and remember to stick to the original plan. In case you are on a limited budget and the local businesses cover all the costs, you should still be ready to provide an outlay of the future event. Once you know your sponsors are going to be with you, you should delegate someone on your team to ensure friendly relations throughout the entire campaign. This is done in order to secure future meetings: in case you plan to organize similar events in a couple of months, you want your sponsors to keep coming back to you no matter what.   Venue recap Delegate people who are good at communication and are excellent conversationalists. Assisting a charity event is no easy job, and you will need as many helping hands as you are able to find. Discuss the event prior to its start in order to clear up the details and make sure you found a mutual agreement in terms of finance and logos. In case you have contrasting opinions or your views differ on the objective of the event, share them with your colleagues and members of the board, so that you can come to similar conclusions together. After the event is over, do not forget to send a letter of gratitude to all your sponsors, indicating the number of the guests that attended the party, the money raised and the general impressions of the public. It would be a wise gesture to thank your fundraisers for the opportunities provided. We always think of a charity event as a duty, but there is a side to this issue you probably never knew, especially if you are the head of the group, responsible for the venue and everything, related to it. Do not underestimate the importance of recapping an event and highlighting the details, as you inform your sponsors of the press coverage. Their name should be associated with the event, and the goody bags we mentioned in the beginning will help the guests remember the organizers. Local businesses are no exception to the rule when they want to give feedback to their customers and deliver the best performance, whether it is an advertising campaign or a charity issue.

Business Algebra Discussion - Smart Custom Writing Samples

Business Algebra Discussion - Smart Custom Writing Industrial ecologyIntroduction Industrial ecology or what is currently referred to as green design seeks to address the waste management problem from within the processes of production that are responsible for generating hazardous waste rather than the character and location of the wastes and facilities as is the case in justice research and environmental equity.   This paper will look at the description of industrial ecology and argue about the concept’s strength in contributing to pollution prevention efforts and waste management as well as explore its political feasibility in the United States. INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY Industry ecology was convened as a colloquium in 1991 by the United States National Academy of Science. The aim of this colloquium was to exploit the new approaches emerging in industrial design of products and the processes involved and the implementation of manufacturing strategies that are sustainable.   This colloquium identified, the need for research as well as development to work in tandem with advances in technology in an effort to reduce the pollution perpetuated by industries’ production design which has also in the years been re-emphasized by engineering and scientific communities. This is in an effort to emulate the industrial ecology described in Type III. Both the government of America and that of Canada have in recent years been encouraging industries to engage in voluntary programs aimed at pollution preventing in an effort to reduce the hazardous waste as well as other contaminants that might harm the environment in the production stage rather than after the waste is generated consistent with industrial ecology. This is a management hierarchy that considers source reduction, alternative materials to phase out toxins, recycling and reuse as opposed to treatment and disposal. This view is also held by several other industry groups. The concept draws its structural analogy from the natural ecosystem in its effort to define the relationship between products by the industries, residue generation as well as the treatment of waste and disposal of the same. In this concept, internalization of pollution within the process of production is viewed as being a more effective method of production because of the environmental implications presented by uncontrolled emission as well as the economical inefficiencies presented by waste material disposal (Fletcher). The strength of Industry ecology in aspects of waste management is that it emphasizes on a more fundamental rethinking about the six elements of manufacturing. This includes the utilization of materials of desired properties during the formulation or extraction stages that are of the which contributing to overall industry environmental friendliness; adopting this concept also eliminates the need for storage and the long-term degradation of nonhazardous or hazardous feedstock materials by utilizing the philosophy of just-in-time raw materials; the process substitution employed also eliminates feedstock that may be toxic in nature; the engineering processes are controlled so as to assure a reliable and robust process: and also the considerations are made about the end-life of produced products to ensure their recyclability (Fletcher). The processing and manufacturing industries are always keen on improving their efficient use of economic resources. It therefore goes without saying that most industries are likely to adopt techniques and technologies that will enable it to conserve materials and also minimizes or avoid completely the need for waste management. Pollution control usually has many hidden costs associated with it. Prevention of pollution ultimately reduces or prevents these. Industry ecology identifies four incentives that would drive industries towards pollution prevention that the American and Canadian regulatory aspects apply. This includes the increase in the disposal costs; the prospect of incurring financial liabilities in implementing clean-up activities even in situations where the generator of waste might not be directly responsible for disposing waste improperly; waste disposal also presents liabilities by third-parties; there is also the risk of being adversely opposed by the public which is often unpredictable (Fletcher). Although measures of ensuring pollution preventions have always occupied center stage in politics especially around election periods, legislature passing to make some of the identified standards law, have often been missing. As it is, there has been a lack of regulation aimed in minimizing waste in the production process. The existing regulations allow most industries to rely on land-disposal as means of pollution control. This is attractive to industries as it presents a cheaper alternative of waste disposal. Unfortunately this method presents severe long-term environmental impacts than any other. In addition to this, production technologies that have been proven in the past are more likely to be adopted by industries as opposed to new alternatives aimed at reducing pollution. This problem is exacerbated as the adopted production processes mature, as many firms are less likely then to abandon them. Confidentiality presents an addition problem in that companies which develop ways of efficiently reducing waste are always reluctant to share this development with others. This is because such methods enable it to maintain a competitive advantage over its competitors. Confidentiality however still dogs the efforts of pollution prevention programs aimed at facilitating exchange of at least information on waste reduction at a generic level between corporate (Fletcher). Many groups including government environmental strategies as well as industry have in recent parts enthusiastically taken to pollution prevention debate.   The government of America In conjunction with the Canadian government has since 1972 showed their commitment to the virtual elimination of toxic substances that have persistently plagued the great lakes region. This bilateral agreement was amended in 1987 with the International Joint Commission (IJC) being mandates to support efforts to wipe out toxic substance use, manufacture and disposal.   Political will in pollution prevention policies in the United States can be traced to the â€Å"Pollution Prevention Act passed by Congress in 1990† (114). However, the Environmental Protection Agency is not empowered by the law to address the issue only providing legislative basis that provides for preferred environmental management hierarchy that is aimed at minimizing waste production as the priority and the disposal of product ion waste as a last result. A pollution prevention ethic is emphasized at the EPA especially when considering actions of enforcement.   However the federal government has not as yet initiated any program for waste exchange although a national private network, two programs that are state run as well as four private regional programs. Most industries still push for their companies to be recognized for conducting recycling off-site a trend referred to as green-washing by organizations such as Green Peace. On their part, environmentalists as well as relevant government officials are advocating adaption of industrial ecology concepts by companies by implementing recycling measures on-site in addition to source reduction of emissions as the key in prevention of pollution (Fletcher).   Conclusion Industrial ecology presents methods that are environmentally sound and contribute to waste management through the elimination or reduction of waste in the production process itself. This presents an economically and environmentally sensible method of pollution prevention. The government has been an advocate of this concept for a while now. However, it has lacked in regulation implementation to emphasis its views. As it is, the concept has not fully received the political backing it requires to be adopted on a holistic level relying instead on industry goodwill for its implementation in production processes. Works cited Fletcher, Thomas Hobbs. From Love Canal to environmental justice: the politics of hazardous waste on the Canada-U.S. border. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003.

Analysis of Brutish You Have to Hand it to the Neanderthals after All Research Paper

Analysis of Brutish You Have to Hand it to the Neanderthals after All - Research Paper Example On the contrary, the findings make it more probable that the Neanderthals made the paintings. The article also posits that the wrong dating resulted because scientists dated the paintings using the calcium carbonate layer, which is now believed to have accumulated on the artistic paintings years after the paintings had been made. This paper is an analysis of the article â€Å"Brutish? You have to hand it to the Neanderthals after all† authored by David Keys and featured in The Independent. The paper will also scrutinize additional research related to the articles content as well as dating of Palaeolithic cave painting in Europe. The paper will also try to establish the credibility of Keys' article and application of the research findings. Making use of a process referred to as uranium-series disequilibrium, the group that was led by Pike measured the radioactive decomposition of uranium and dated hand stencils and disks in El Castillo cave in Northern Spain. The paintings had been made by using the mouth to blow paint on the wall. The artistic paintings were found to be least 40,800 years old making them the oldest form of art in Europe. These results have ignited the debate on who is responsible for the cave paintings found in Spain and France. Previously, the paintings were attributed to modern humans but research acknowledges that modern man had not invaded Europe 41,000 years ago. At this period, Neanderthals inhabited Europe, which suggests that they could be responsible for these artistic paintings (Keys, 2012). Chauvet Cave paintings in central France were previously recognized as the world's oldest cave art paintings. The Chauvet cave paintings were dated 39,000 years old. However, the Chauvet cave dating is still controversial since it relies on radiocarbon dating making use of charcoal pigments. Archaeologists have put forward that dating based on charcoal pigments is unreliable since the pigments are susceptible to contamination by other forms of carbon, which would affect dating results. Additionally, using charcoal pigments could be erroneous in that the period when the fire was lit might not coincide with the time the painting was made (Keys, 2012; Pettitt and Pike, 2007). I selected this article due to its relevance to our understanding of the past and  human history particularly the interactions between the Neanderthals and Homo sapiens. Primordial cave paintings lend a hand in connecting the modern man to the past species. Understanding the activities of the Neanderthal is crucial since he was the immediate ancestor of Homo sapiens, the modern man. Understanding Neanderthal would thus enhance a better understanding of the development of the art of painting. Additionally the findings suggest that the Neanderthals could have been the inventors of cave painting but passed the art to Homo sapiens. Evidence shows that modern humans first appeared in Northern Spain about 41,500 years ago, as successors of the Neanderth als. These findings are contrary to current perceptions that the Homo sapiens instigated artistic painting and that Neanderthals did not practice cave painting (Zilh?ao, 2007; Keys, 2012). Another important aspect roused by these findings is that the interaction between Homo sapiens and Neanderthals coul

Business decision making Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business decision making - Assignment Example For example, a guy in my group would go for a girl or select a girlfriend based on personal satisfaction that he likes or loves her. This decision is based solely on the personal satisfaction of the individual without consideration of outside factors such as parents, teachers or even friends. That even if such outside factor will discourage or disagree with such decision, individuals in my group would still decide based on their own personal satisfaction. The individuals of my group also considers their values and the values of the group in decision making. Often, when they are not sure what to do or which option to decide upon, they would use their own value or ethical system as a moral guide to arrive at a â€Å"correct† decision. The decision process also involves the consideration of the value system of the larger group. This consideration of the value system of the larger group is to maintain the harmony and good relationship of individuals in the group. For example, when there are two members of the group who are involved in conflict, individuals in my group would do the â€Å"right thing† of not blaming who is wrong between the two. That instead of blaming or ostracizing the one who is wrong, individuals in my group would instead mediate so that the friendship and harmony of the group will remain intact. There will be people in my group who would talk to each conflicting party with the end of resolving the issue so that our friendship will remain strong and will not be affected by the conflict. Individuals in my group are no different from the other groups when they approach decision making in complex situation where not all information are available. They tend to rely on proven solution based on their experience and knowledge and would ignore other options or alternative that could be feasible but not tested by their experience. This is called heuristics in decision making where individuals will just focus on an aspect of a

Language Learning Is A Complex Process English Language Essay

Language Learning Is A Complex Process English Language Essay Spielberger defined as the subjective feeling of tension, apprehension, nervousness and worry associated with an arousal of the autonomic nervous system. It is a psychological and physical response to a threat to certain values which the person holds as essential to his existence (May, 1977). Foreign language classes is perceived by many students as more anxiety provoking than other classes (Horwitz et al., 1986). Although some past researches suggested that foreign language anxiety may be facilitating (Chastain, 1975; Kleinmann, 1977), recent studies have proved that its effect is more debilitating to the language learning process (e.g. Philips, 1992; Aida, 1994; Donley, 1997; Von Wà ¶rde, 1998; Ando, 1999). In addition, MacIntyre and Gardner (1991) states that anxiety is really problematic to foreign language learners since it hinders the acquisition, retention and production of the new language. Foreign language anxiety (FLA) is a new term coined by Horwitz et al. (1986). It is a specific type of anxiety experienced by learners of foreign and second language learners. It is the feeling of stress and nervousness which affect non-native speakers while studying a foreign or second language. Horwitz, Horwitz, and Cope (1986) define FLA as a complex phenomenon which consists of self-perceptions, beliefs, feeling, and behaviours related to classroom language learning arising from the uniqueness of the language learning process. Young (1992) defined it as a complex psychological phenomenon specific to language learning. A more general definition of FLA given by MacIntyre and Gardner (1994) describes it as a type of situation-specific anxiety in speaking, listening, and learning that is experienced by learners in the context of second or foreign language learning. Moreover, MacIntyre (1995) pointed that anxiety may facilitate or debilitate the learners academic performance. Accordin g to Spielberger et al (2005) FLA is the fear that a person feels when using a second or foreign language in which he is not proficient. He describes it as the tendency of the individual to react nervously when using the second language in the different linguistics skills, (i.e. speaking, listening, reading and writing). Since then researchers have produced a considerable number of studies to prove that it is not merely an abstract issue, but a reality for foreign language students (e.g., Casado Dereshiwsky, 2001; Coryell Clark, 2009; KostiĆ¡-BobanoviĆ¡, 2009; Liu, 2006; Liu Jackson, 2008; MacIntyre Gardner, 1994a; Tallon, 2009; Von Wà ¶rde, 2003). According to Horwitz et al (1986) the main causes of foreign language anxiety to communication apprehension, fear of negative evaluation and test anxiety. Communication apprehension prevents the learner to develop communication skills in the target language. Likewise, fear of negative evaluation is the learners feeling that the teacher and other classmates may negatively evaluate their language ability (Horwitz et al.; 1986). According to Horwitz et al (1986), test anxiety is related to the performance of the learner. He considers the task or test as a threat instead of an opportunity to improve his language skills (Dà ¶rney, 2001). Horwitz et al (1986) pioneered the first instrument to measure the foreign language anxiety named as the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS). Since then, various studies have been conducted to define the relationship between foreign language anxiety and performance of learners. There is a general agreement that FLA has a negative effect on the language learning process and performance (Horwitz et al., 1986; MacIntyre Gardner, 1991; Phillips, 1992; Young, 1991). Horwitz (2000) further adds, countless language learners and teachers across the world identify with the experience of foreign language anxiety, and the potential of anxiety to interfere with learning and performance is one of the most accepted phenomena in psychology and education. There is a general agreement among researchers that there is a consistent moderate negative correlation between FLA and learners performance (Aida, 1994; Horwitz et al., 1986; MacIntyre Gardner, 1991; Phillips, 1992; Saito Samimy, 1 996; Coulombe , 2000; Kim , 1998). Foreign language speaking anxiety (FLSA) is specific type of anxiety which prevents the learner to communicate in the target language. Horwitz et al. (1986) suggested that FLA frequently occurs also in speaking in the form of a shyness characterized by fear of communicating in the foreign language. Tsiplakides and Keramida (2009) concluded that FLSA has a negative influence on students performance and they also proved that a decrease in anxiety automatically causes an increase in students motivation and hence performance is enhanced. However there are very few studies conducted to explore the reality FLSA and determine its impact on the learning process from the students perspective.

Austronesians

The Austronesians as Viewed by Peter Bellwood, Wilhelm Solheim II, and Zeus Salazar Prepared by Jezza Mae S. Dajac The term Austronesian contextually refers to a population group present in Southeast Asia or Oceania who speaks, or had ancestors who spoke, one of the Austronesian languages. Apart from the Polynesian people of Oceania, the Austronesian people include: Taiwanese Aborigines, the majority ethnic groups of East Timor, Indonesia and Malaysia. There had been several theories that posit the Austronesians as the origin of the Philippine population.Among the leading proponents of these ideas are Australian National University professor Peter Bellwood, American anthropologist and the most senior practitioner of archaeology in Southeast Asia Wilhelm Solheim II, and Filipino anthropologist Zeus Salazar. Their viewpoints are to be separately presented here. Bellwood's Austronesian Diffusion Theory/ Out-of-Taiwan (OOT) Hypothesis/ Mainland Origin Hypothesis Rather than believing tha t Austroloids were the ancestors of the Filipino race, Professor Bellwood argued that Austronesians were the roots of the population inhabiting most of the Asian territories today.His Out-of-Taiwan Hypothesis is based largely on linguistics and is mainly derived from American linguistic Robert Blust’ model of Austronesian diffusion, lately known as the Blust model. Bellwood incorporated archaeological data to Blust’s idea to arrive at his own theory. He posited that between 4500 BCE and 4000 BCE, developments in agricultural technology in the  Yunnan Plateau  in China  created pressures which drove certain people to migrate to  Taiwan. This is what explains the term â€Å"Out-of-Taiwan Hypothesis†.Bellwood also believed that these people either already had or began to develop a unique language of their own, which he referred to as â€Å"Proto-Austronesian†. By around 3000-3500 BCE, these groups started differentiating into three or four distinct s ubcultures, and by 2500 to 1500 BC, one of these groups began migrating southwards towards the Philippines and  Indonesia, reaching as far as  Borneo  and the  Moluccas  by 1500 BCE, forming new cultural groupings and developing unique languages.He called all the languages formed outside Taiwan â€Å"Malayo-Polynesian†. Meanwhile, the language developed in the Philippines and Indonesia was then termed â€Å"Western Malayo-Polynesian† By 1500 BC, some of these groups started migrating west, rand they reached the Madagascar  area around the 1st millennium. Still others migrated east, settling as far as  Easter Island  by the mid-13th century.This widespread movement gave the Austronesian language group the distinction of being the most widely distributed language groups in the world at that time, in terms of the geographical span of the homelands of its languages. Bellwood’s simplified theory about the origin of the Filipino race then, is that the people of the Philippines are the descendants of those cultures who remained on the Philippine islands when others moved first southwards, then eastward and westward.Solheim's Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network (NMTCN) or the Island Origin Theory According to the anthropologist Wilhelm Solheim II: â€Å"I emphasize again, as I have done in many other articles, that ‘Austronesian' is a linguistic term and is the name of a super language family. It should never be used as a name for a people, genetically speaking, or a culture. To refer to people who speak an Austronesian language the phrase ‘Austronesian speaking people' should be used. This statement emphasized that the pioneers of the Austronesian-as-the-origin-of-Southeast Asians idea posits that the Austronesian is a group of languages rather that a group of people. Wilhelm Solheim's concept of the  Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network  (NMTCN), while not strictly a theory regardin g the biological ancestors of modern Southeast Asians, does suggest that the patterns of cultural diffusion throughout the Asia-Pacific region are not what would be expected if such cultures were to be explained by simple migration.Where Bellwood based his analysis primarily on linguistic analysis, Solheim's approach was based on artifact findings. On the basis of a careful analysis of artifacts such as improvement of traditional lithic chopper and chopping tools, he suggests the existence of a trade and communication network that first spread in the Asia-Pacific region during its Neolithic age (and that which he referred to as the Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network).For his theory, he coined the term â€Å"nusantao† which means â€Å"island people†. He also presented a different route of movement of the Austronesians from that of Bellwood’s model. According to Solheim's NMTCN theory, this trade network, consisting of both Austronesian and non-A ustronesian seafaring peoples, was responsible for the spread of cultural patterns throughout the Asia-Pacific region, not the simple migration (or movement, as Bellwood put it) proposed by the Out-of-Taiwan hypothesis.Solheim consequently came up with four geographical divisions delineating the spread of the NMTCN over time, and he called these geographical divisions â€Å"lobes. † Specifically, these were the central, northern, eastern and western lobes. The central lobe was further divided into two smaller lobes reflecting phases of cultural spread: the Early Central Lobe and the Late Central Lobe. Instead of Austronesian peoples originating from Taiwan, Solheim placed the origins of the early NMTCN peoples in the â€Å"Early Central Lobe,† which was in eastern coastal Vietnam, at around 9000 BC.He then suggests the spread of peoples around 5000 BC towards the â€Å"late central lobe†, including the Philippines, via island Southeast Asia, rather than from the north as the Taiwan theory suggests. Thus, from the Point of view of the Philippine peoples, the NMTCN is also referred to as the  Island Origin Theory. This â€Å"late central lobe† included Southern China and Taiwan, which became â€Å"the area where Austronesian became the original language family and  Malayo-Polynesian developed. In about 4000 to 3000 BC, these peoples continued spreading east through Northern Luzon to Micronesia to form the Early Eastern Lobe, carrying the Malayo-Polynesian languages with them. These languages would become part of the culture spread by the NMTCN in its expansions Malaysia and western towards Malaysia before 2000 BC, continuing along  coastal India  and Sri Lanka up to the western coast of Africa and  Madagascar; and over time, further eastward towards its easternmost borders at Easter Island.Thus, as in the case of Bellwood's theory, the Austronesian languages spread eastward and westward from the area around the Philippines. Aside from the matter of the origination of people, the difference between the two theories is that Bellwood's theory suggests a linear expansion, while Solheim's NMTCN theory suggests something more akin to concentric circles, all overlapping in the geographical area of the late central lobe which includes the Philippines. Salazar’s View of the AustronesiansZeus Salazar, like Solheim, believed that the Austronesians carried with them their culture as they spread all over Southeast Asia. However, he further posited that there are â€Å"gaps† between the technological knowledge as demonstrated by the late development of technology in the middle regions of the country. These gaps, according to Salazar, were due to the prolonged stay of the Austronesians in coastal areas of the country before penetrating to the inner regions.Nevertheless, he admits that the Austronesians were the ones responsible for culminating a great part of the Philippine culture and civilization. He once stated, â€Å"Ang pinakatiyak na migrasyon hanggang ngayon ay yaong tungo sa karagatan, ang pagsasaibayong-dagat ng mga Austronesyano, ang pinakamaagang ninuno ng mga Pilipino†¦ Sila’y nagdaan sa peninsula tungong Indonesia muna upang mapunta pagkatapos sa Pilipinas, sa Pasipiko, at sa Madagascar. ————————————————- This statement of Salazar reflected his parallel ideas to that of Solheim’s. However, he is known to focus more on studying linguistic aspects and evidences about the Austronesian’s diffusion, and he later found out that several Filipino words such as dalubhasa, balita, bahay, aso, niyog, araw, anito, karayom, mana, and apoy among others, were of Austronesian origin. ————————————————-Setting aside the fact that there ar e numerous theories about the origin of the Filipino race, with each one positing their own assumptions, it still cannot be denied that they collectively help in understanding and reconstructing our own history as they lead to further and more inquiry about our fragmented past. Whatever theory one may believe in, the important thing is that prejudices and biases are removed and instead, being scientific is employed in our search for a clearer and more solid view of the Philippine prehistory. ——————————————– 1 ]. Our Pacific Ocean, The Austronesian, http://www. ourpacificocean. com/austronesian_people/index. htm (October 2012) [ 2 ]. Claims have been made that Bellwood formulated his theory with K. C. Chang of Harvard University, specifically by M. C. Halili in the book Philippine History (Manila:Rex Bookstore, Inc. , 2004) p. 40 [ 3 ]. See Solheim’s Archaeology and Culture in Southeast Asia : Unraveling the Nusantao (Quezon City: UP Press, 2006)p. 85 [ 4 ]. Bellwood preferred using the term â€Å"movement† instead of â€Å"migration†. [ 5 ].See Solheim’s Archaeology and Culture in Southeast Asia: Unraveling the Nusantao (Quezon City: UP Press, 2006) for further elaboration. [ 6 ]. Origins of the Filipinos and Their Languages. (January 2006). [ 7 ]. See Salazar’s Kabihasnang Asyano : Isang Pangkasaysayang Introduksyon (1990) p. 94 [ 8 ]. See Solheim’s Archaeology and Culture in Southeast Asia: Unraveling the Nusantao (Quezon City: UP Press, 2006) p. 83 [ 9 ]. Ibid. [ 10 ]. Ibid. [ 11 ]. Ibid. [ 12 ]. Zeus A. Salazar, Kabihasnang Asyano : Isang Pangkasaysayang Introduksyon (1990) p. 99 [ 13 ]. Zeus A. Salazar, Ang Kasaysayan, Diwa at Lawak (Quezon: UP Press, 1974)

Essay about becoming a heartland with more heart - 1773 Words

Becoming a Heartland with Heart America is a top rank country most population of immigrants. Around a million immigrants move to America every year to pursue their dreams. The American dream thus becomes an ideal beautiful dream that motivates immigrants to come to the country where dream comes true. In this dream, America turns into the fairy tale full of freedom and opportunities, a land where all gold diggers can find gold, and a place where success won’t be hard any more. Gish Jen, as a newish American, wrote â€Å"coming into the country† and states that immigrants face plenty of difficulties to make their freedom in theory turn into freedom in practice. Jen hopes that immigrants can fit into America society, which can make†¦show more content†¦The smell of the air is wrong, the taste of the water, the strength of the sun, the rate the trees grow† (355). Jen uses a series of examples to display how immigrants feel lost when they first came to America . Unlike the America in their minds with high-level expectations, the real America is extremely misleading. The freedoms they think cannot be applied in real lives. These intense changes disappoint immigrants. Instead of American dreams coming true, immigrants experience the cruel real life in America compare to the fairy tale life they imagine, and thus feel disoriented. However, Vargas gives an example about how he overcomes these changes and difficulties through invention and reinvention of himself. For those immigrants who first came to America, they always have to face the communication issue, especially for non-native English speakers. With the accent and limitations on English, people are hard to communicate with them and thus increase their difficulties for being accepted. Vargas lived in Philippines before he came to America, although he is a native English speaker, he had Philippine accent. 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UST Case Solution Essay - 1320 Words

Key Issue: Is $1b appropriate to enhance UST’s firm value and ultimately shareholder value? Higher leverage is very likely to create value for a firm considering capital structure change by exerting financial discipline and more efficient corporate strategy changes. Before evaluating whether $1b is value enhancing in quantitative measure, ability to cope with pre-requisite interest payment and potentially dividend payment (possibly dividend growth maintenance) should be considered. Required debt rate and pro forma income statement Risk determinants Credit rating agencies take a wide range of factors – debt raising purpose, industry outlook, corporate profile and financial measures into account when performing corporate bond†¦show more content†¦Pro-forma income statement and interest payment ability Pro-forma income statement to illustrate interest and dividend payment ability is based on various assumptions as shown in Exhibit 1. 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